Ostrich eggshell beads reveal 50,000-year-old social network in Africa
Scerri, EML et al. Has our species evolved into subdivided populations across Africa, and why is this important? Trends Ecol. Evol. 33, 582-594 (2018).
Scerri, EML, Chikhi, L. & Thomas, MG Beyond multiregional and simple models of human evolution outside Africa. Nat. School. Evol. 3, 1370-1372 (2019).
Schlebusch, CM et al. The ancient genomes of southern Africa estimate the modern human divergence to be 350,000 to 260,000 years ago. Science 358, 652-655 (2017).
Skoglund, P. et al. Reconstruction of the prehistoric African demographic structure. Cell 171, 59-71.e21 (2017).
Will, M., Conard, NJ & Tryon, C. in Modern human origins and dispersal (eds Sahle, Y., Reyes-Centeno, H. & Bentz, C.) 25-72 (Kerns, 2019).
Bergström, A., Stringer, C., Hajdinjak, M., Scerri, EML & Skoglund, P. Origins of modern human ancestry. Nature 590, 229-237 (2021).
Faith, JT, Tryon, CA & Peppe, DJ in MIS Africa 6-2 (eds Jones, SC & Stewart, BA) 233-245 (Springer Netherlands, 2016).
Lipson, M. et al. Former West African foragers in the context of the history of African populations. Nature 577, 665-670 (2020).
Tryon, CA The Middle / Later Stone Age Transition and Upper Pleistocene Cultural Dynamics in East Africa. Evol. Anthropol. 28, 267-282 (2019).
Mirazón Lahr, M. The shaping of human diversity: filters, boundaries and transitions. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 371, 20150241 (2016).
Powell, A., Shennan, S. & Thomas, MG Upper Pleistocene Demography and the Emergence of Modern Human Behavior. Science 324, 1298-1301 (2009).
McBrearty, S. & Brooks, AS The Revolution That Wasn’t: A New Interpretation of the Origin of Modern Human Behavior. J. Hum. Evol. 39, 453-563 (2000).
Kuhn, SL & Stiner, MC in Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioral and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans (eds Mellars, P. et al.) 45-54 (Oxbow Books, 2007).
d’Errico, F. et al. Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. United States 109, 13214-13219 (2012).
d’Errico, F. & Vanhaeren, M. in Death rituals, social order and the archeology of immortality in the ancient world (eds Renfrew, C., Boyd, MJ & Morley, I.) 45-62 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2016).
Wiessner, P. Style and Social Information in Kalahari San Projectile Points. A m. Antiq. 48, 253-276 (1983).
Google Scholar
Sackett, JR Style approaches in lithic archeology. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 1, 59–112 (1982).
Google Scholar
Shennan, SJ, Crema, ER & Kerig, T. Isolation by distance, homophilia, and “core” versus “ensemble” models of cultural evolution in Neolithic Europe. Evol. Hmm. Behave yourself. 36, 103-109 (2015).
Google Scholar
Crema, ER, Kerig, T. & Shennan, S. Culture, space, and metapopulation: a simulation-based study to assess mixing and branching signals. J. Archéol. Sci. 43, 289-298 (2014).
Google Scholar
Wenger, E. Communities of practice: learning, meaning and identity (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998).
Miller, JM & Sawchuk, EA Diameter of ostrich eggshell beads in the Holocene: regional variation with the spread of animal husbandry in East and Southern Africa. PLoS A 14, e0225143 (2019).
Jacobson, L. The variability in size of ostrich eggshell pearls from central Namibia and its relevance as a stylistic and temporal marker. S. Afr. Archaeol. Taurus. 42, 55-58 (1987).
Google Scholar
Pickrell, JK et al. Ancient West Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. United States 111, 2632-2637 (2014).
Dayet, L., Erasmus, R., Val, A., Feyfant, L. & Porraz, G. Beads, pigments and ornamental traditions from the Early Holocene at the Bushman Rock Shelter, South Africa. J. Arch. Sci. representing 13, 635-651 (2017).
Google Scholar
d’Errico, F. et al. Trajectories of Cultural Innovation from the Middle Stone Age to Later in East Africa: Personal Ornaments, Bone Artifacts and Ocher from Panga Ya Saidi, Kenya. J. Hum. Evol. 141, 102737 (2020).
Tryon, CA et al. Middle and later Stone Age timeline of Kisese II rock shelter (UNESCO-listed Kondoa rock art sites), Tanzania. PLoS A 13, e0192029 (2018).
Collins, B., Wojcieszak, M., Nowell, A., Hodgskiss, T. & Ames, CJH. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 12, 192 (2020).
Google Scholar
Ziegler, M. et al. Development of Middle Stone Age innovation linked to rapid climate change. Nat. Commmon. 4, 1905 (2013).
Tierney, JE et al. The northern hemisphere controls the tropical climate of Southeast Africa for the past 60,000 years. Science 322, 252-255 (2008).
Wang, YV et al. The northern and southern hemispheres control seasonal sea surface temperatures in the Indian Ocean during the last deglaciation. Paleoceanography 28, 619-632 (2013).
Ecker, M., Botha-Brink, J., Lee-Thorp, JA, Piuz, A. & Horwitz, LK in Climate change, ecosystems and environments in arid southern Africa and the adjacent region flight. 33 (ed. Runge, J.) 95-115 (CRC Press, 2015).
Harrison, T. & Msuya, CP Fossil Struthionid eggshells from Laetoli, Tanzania: taxonomic and biostratigraphic importance. J. Afr. Earth. Sci. 41, 303-315 (2005).
Cooper, RG et al. The wild ostrich (Struthio camelus): a review. Too much. Anim. Prod. Health 41, 1669-1678 (2009).
Miller, JM & Willoughby, PR Radiometrically dated ostrich eggshell beads to the Middle and Later Stone Age from the Magubike Rock Shelter in southern Tanzania. J. Hum. Evol. 74, 118-122 (2014).
Timmermann, A. & Friedrich, T. Upper Pleistocene climatic factors of early human migration. Nature 538, 92-95 (2016).
Morgan, C. Climate change, uncertainty and mobility of prehistoric hunter-gatherers. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 28, 382-396 (2009).
Google Scholar
Dyson-Hudson, R. & Smith, EA Human Territoriality: An Ecological Reassessment. A m. Anthropol. 80, 21-41 (1978).
Google Scholar
Kusimba, SB Models of hunter-gatherer land use in East Africa in the later Stone Age. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 18, 165-200 (1999).
Google Scholar
d’Errico, F. et al. Additional evidence on the use of personal adornments in the Middle Paleolithic of North Africa. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. United States 106, 16051-16056 (2009).
Hollfelder, N., Breton, G., Sjödin, P. & Jakobsson, M. The deep history of population in Africa. Hmm. Mol. Broom. 30, R2 – R10 (2021).
Schlebusch, CM et al. Khoe-San genomes reveal unique variation and confirm the deepest population divergence in Homo sapiens. Mol. Biol. Evol. 37, 2944-2954 (2020).
The events of Ziemen, FA, Kapsch, M.-L., Klockmann, M. & Mikolajewicz, U. Heinrich show a two-step climatic response in transient glacial simulations. Clim. Pass 15, 153-168 (2019).
Google Scholar
van der Lubbe, HJL, Frank, M., Tjallingii, R. & Schneider, RR Isotopic constraints of neodymium on the origin, dispersion and sediment supply of the Zambezi along the Mozambique margin in the past ??45,000 years old. Geochemistry. Geophys. Geosystem. 17, 181-198 (2016).
Mackay, A., Stewart, BA & Chase, BM Coalescence and fragmentation in Upper Pleistocene archeology of southern Africa. J. Hum. Evol. 72, 26-51 (2014).
Bousman, CB & Brink, JS The emergence, spread and end of the Early Later Stone Age event in South Africa and southern Namibia. Quat. Int. 495, 116-135 (2018)
Google Scholar
Lyon, RP et al. Continuous record of 1.3 million years of the hydroclimate of East Africa and implications for models of evolution and biodiversity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. United States 112, 15568-15573 (2015).
Wang, YV et al. What does the leaf wax δD tell us about a region of mixed C3 / C4 vegetation? Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 111, 128-139 (2013).
Orton, J. Making ostrich eggshell beads in the later Stone Age in the Northern Cape, South Africa. J. Archéol. Sci. 35, 1765-1775 (2008).
Google Scholar
Reimer, PJ et al. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55, 1869-1887 (2013).
Reimer, PJ et al. The Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve IntCal20 (0-55 cal kBP). Radiocarbon 62, 725-757 (2020).
Core team R. R: a language and an environment for statistical computing (R Foundation for Statistical Informatics, 2020).
Oksanen, J. et al. vegan: community ecology package (2019).
Wickham, H. ggplot2: elegant plots for data analysis (Springer, 2016).
